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Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injury: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Physiotherapy Management

The Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) is a primary stabilizer of the knee joint, critical for maintaining knee stability, especially against valgus stress (force applied from the outer side of the knee). Injury to the MCL is common in both athletic and non-athletic populations, particularly in contact sports, and can range from mild sprains to complete tears. Understanding the anatomy, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and appropriate physiotherapy interventions is essential for effective management and rehabilitation. In this comprehensive review, we explore the medical details of MCL injuries, from the mechanisms of injury to the physiotherapeutic management strategies for different grades of ligament damage. Anatomy and Function of the Medial Collateral Ligament The MCL is a broad, fibrous band that runs along the medial aspect of the knee. It consists of two distinct anatomical components: Superficial Layer : This is the primary stabilizing component, running from the medial femoral epico...