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What are Muscle Relaxants?  A class of medications known as muscle relaxants work by relaxing the skeletal muscles, reducing muscle tone, and relieving muscle spasms.  While the specific drug determines the exact mechanism of action, most muscle relaxants reduce muscle activity by either acting on the central nervous system or interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction. How do different muscle relaxants work on the body? Peripheral muscle relaxants , like dantrolene , function by obstructing the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum found in skeletal muscle cells. Calcium ions play a crucial role in muscle contraction, and by preventing their release, dantrolene reduces the amount of calcium accessible for muscle contraction. This leads to muscle relaxation. Central muscle relaxants , such as baclofen and tizanidine, affect the central nervous system to decrease muscle activity. Baclofen is a GABA agonist that binds to GABA-B r

It is a thin muscle situated in between the tibialis anterior and the extensor digitorum longus muscle. Origin – an  anterior shaft of fibula, interosseous membrane Insertion   - the  base of distal phalanx of the great toe Nerve supply – deep peroneal nerve(l4,5,s1) Blood supply – anterior tibial artery Action – an  extension of great toe, assists dorsiflexion of ankle Palpation – tendon palpated lateral to tibialis anterior the tendon on the anterior surface of the ankle and also on the dorsum of the foot near the greater toe

The peroneus muscles are consist of three muscles and it also called fibularis. Peroneus is derived from the Greek word for fibula, indicating the location of the peroneal muscles. 1.        Peroneus Tertius (fibularis Tertius) 2.        Peroneus brevis ( fibularis brevis) 3.        Peroneus longus (fibularis longus)   1.        Peroneus Tertius (fibularis Tertius) Origin – anterior distal fibula(with extensor digitorum longus) Insertion – the  base of 5 th metatarsal Nerve supply – deep peroneal nerve(l4,5,s1) Action – eversion of the foot, assist dorsiflexion Palpation – tendon palpated lateral to extensor digitorum longus tendon on dorsum of foot at base of 5 th metatarsal. This muscle functions to place the foot flat on the ground by raising the lateral border. 2.         Peroneus brevis (fibularis brevis) Origin – lateral shaft of the fibula (lower 2/3) Insertion – the  base of 5 th metatarsal Nerve supply- superficial peroneal nerve (l4,5,s1)

    Extensor digitorum  longus It is the pennate muscle situated in the lateral part of the front leg. Origin – lateral the condyle of tibia, proximal 2/3 of anterior shaft of fibula Insertion – middle and distal phalanges of 4 lateral toes Nerve supply – deep peroneal nerve(l4,5,s1) Blood supply – proximal part is supplied by anterior tibial artery and the distal part is supplied by the fibular artery. Palpation- common tendon palpated on the anterior surface of the ankle, lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon. the divided tendons palpated on the dorsum of the foot. 2.        Extensor digitorum brevis Origin – anterior calcaneus Insertion – extensor expansion of 4 medial toes Nerve supply   - deep peroneal nerve(l4,5,s1) Action – aids extension of 4 medial toes at mp joints Blood supply -   anterior perforating branch of the fibular artery and the anterior lateral malleolar artery Palpation- anterior to and   slightly below lateral malleolus on the dorsum of the foot.  

The two large muscles are together known as a calf muscle. Gastrocnemius Soleus 1. Gastrocnemius- It is the larger calf muscle forming the bulge of calf muscle which is visible beneath the skin . The two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle together create a diamond shape of the muscle. Origin- medial head: medial epicondyle of the femur lateral head: lateral epicondyle of the femur Insertion- calcaneus via tendo achillis Nerve supply -tibial nerve Blood supply- branch of popliteal artery anterior and posterior tibial artery Action- plantar flexion of the ankle or assist flexion of the knee Palpation-  the upper half of the posterior calf during active plantarflexion of ankle .tendon palpated as part of Achilles tendon. Gastro is the Greek term for “belly”.this muscle can act on the knee or the ankle separately but not simultaneously. Soleus It is a smaller calf muscle and it lies underneath the gastrocnemius muscle. Origin-  a sole line of the tibia, posterior head, and upper shaft

The following muscles are called hip adductors. Adductor longus and adductor brevis Adductor Magnus Gracilis 1.        Adductor longus and adductor brevis -origin -anterior pubis -insertion- linea aspera on posterior femur Nerve supply- obturator(l3,4) Action- adduction of femur at the hip, assist flexion and medial rotation pf femur at the hip Palpation – adductor longs-prominent cord-like origin at media aspect of groin during active adduction of hip -adductor brevis-may attempt to palpate laterally to adductor longus origin on the pubis. Adductor longus forms the medial border of the femoral triangle. Adductor Magnus -origin- pubic ramus, ischial tuberosity, and ramus -insertion- linea aspera of posterior femur, adductor tubercle of medial femur -nerve supply- anterior -obturator nerve(l2,3,4)                             -posterior-sciatic nerve(l4,5,s1,2,3) Action- adduction of the femur at hip joint, assist medial rotation of femur at hip, anterior fibers assist flexion o

The Gluteus medius muscle is located in the posterior hip.it is a large fan-shaped muscle. muscle belongs to the gluteal region. Gluteue medius muscle in the human body Origin:  iliac crest, ilium between superior and middle gluteal lines Insertion: lateral the aspect of greater trochanter of the tibia Nerve supply:  superior gluteal nerve(l4,5,s1) Blood supply: superficial and deep branches of the superior gluteal artery Action:  hip abduction,  medial rotation of femur at the hip joint(anterior fibers) palpation of the muscle: lateral the aspect of hip between the iliac crest and greater trochanter during active hip abduction.  when standing on one foot, this muscle contracts on that side to stabilize the pelvis and prevent it from tilting to the unsupported side .alternate contraction of these muscles occurs in walking. Paralysis of this muscle on one side results in the “gluteal medius limp "the pelvis tilt towards the uninvolved side in walking.

Gluteus  word is mostly used for Power, as in going  Upstairs, Rising from a sitting  position, climbing or running rather than walking. Gluteus Maximus is the primary extensor muscle of the hip.it is the outermost of the three gluteal muscles and it makes up a large part of the shape and appearance of each side of the hips. Origin:  superior gluteal line of ilium , Posterior sacrum, Lumbar fascia Insertion:   Greater trochanter(gluteal tuberosity)of femur, iliotibial tract    Nerve supply: Inferior gluteal nerve(L5,S1,2) Blood supply: MUSCULAR BRANCH OF THE INFERIOR GLUTEAL AND SUPERIOR GLUTEAL ARTERIES, The branches of the internal iliac artery. Action: Extention of the femur at the hip joint, lateral rotation of the extended hip.  Similar to other lower extremity muscles, the gluteus Maximus can move the femur against the pelvis(hip Extention)  

No , The thing is that  Physiotherapy doesn't weaken your muscle over time. Muscle disease includes a number of rare conditions, which in most cases tend to present at around the same age, and due to their progressive character, they can lead to physical limitations and reduced life expectancy. So Clear answer is Physiotherapy Never Weakens Muscle. but if you are taking Physiotherapic Treatment for a longer time you may feel that your muscles are stronger and with the blank gap in between treatment may lead to feeling of weakness.

Biceps brachii Commonly known as the biceps is a two-headed muscle that lies on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. It is a large muscle. The biceps brachii muscle is one of the chief and prominent muscles of the arm. Origin:  Biceps brachii has two head. Short head originates from the tip of coracoid process of scapula; Long head originates from supraglenoid tubercle of scapula. Insertion: It is Inserted at Tuberosity of radius and fascia of forearm via bicipital aponeurosis . Action:  Supinates forearm and, when it is supine, flexes the forearm Nerve Supply:  Biceps brachii supplied by Musculocutaneous nerve (C5 and C6 ). Arterial Supply: Muscular branches of the brachial artery.

ORIGIN:  spinous processes of C7 & T1. INSERTION: medial border of the scapula. ACTION: Rhomboid minor and Rhomboid major are working together as a whole to perform the movement. retract scapula (squaring shoulders), synergist with middle fibers of Trapezius. rotate glenoid cavity downward (lowering arm against resistance). stabilize scapula. NERVE SUPPLY: Dorsal scapular nerve

ORIGIN:   costal cartilage of rib 1. INSERTION: groove on the inferior surface of the clavicle. ACTION:   stablizes & depresses pectoral girdle. NERVE SUPPLY :  Nerve to subclavius